Christians see no conflict between reason and faith

Deacon Burke-Sivers

To take one prominent example of how Christians have longed cherished their religion because it embodies truth, "Augustine consistently defends [faith-trust] in Christ, the Bible, and the church as rational. This faith is epistemically on a par with faith in other areas of human life such as family relations, geography, and history—where trust reveals itself as both rational and practically necessary." [1]

Accordingly, Christians posit that the beliefs of this religion can be defended rationally, unlike the case of other religions. However, because it is a human endeavour, there have been lapses in the church in acceptance of evidence about the world over the centuries.

I want to quickly illustrate how Christian scholars have attempted to use the faculty of reason to demonstrate that their act of faith as to core beliefs is not irrational. Here are how some proofs developed by Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274) can be applied in the modern context. Deacon Harold Burke-Sivers of Portland, Oregon, gave this talk in a video: A friend asked why Harold thought God exists...

So I took out my cellphone and put it on the table, and I asked him if my phone was moving. He said "No". So in order for my phone to move from a state of potential motion to actual motion a force had to be applied. I said, "Are there objects in the universe that are moving?" "Of course there are". I said that just like the phone there has to be a force that causes all objects to move. I said, "What is that force?" He said "The Big Bang". I said "OK, what caused the Big Bang?" He had no answer.

I then said, "Let's take the phone to the Amazon Basin and drop the phone on the jungle floor. A group of indigeneous people find it, pick it up. They have never seen or experienced anything like this technology before. Would they think this phone had created itself? Of course not. They would think that an alien, a god, or another human being had created it because things don't create themselves." I then asked him to tell me something that exists that created itself. He had no answer.

Finally I said, "When I bought my phone the battery was 100%, and as I [...] began to use it, the battery began to lose energy and move toward a state of equilibrium." I said, "[With] the universe there was a Big Bang and you would expect that after 13.7 billion years the universe would be losing energy, just like the battery on the phone. Instead, the universe continues to expand and there are billions and billions pieces of visible matter in the universe. How is it that universe is not losing energy after such a long period?" Again, he had no answer. 

I said, "Now you have to apply the [principle] of Occam's razor. [This] says that when you have a series of competing hypotheses, each with equally predictive outcomes, the one with the fewest assumptions is the one that is most likely to be correct." I said, "I gave you three assumptions and you could not give me an answer." 

The proofs for God as the first mover, the first cause and grand designer, another observer writes, are not a matter of "believing in the supernatural realm [as] some kind of philosophical ‘deus ex machina’– a God of the gaps – an answer for natural mysteries when we have no other answer. Instead the supernatural realm is a given within a philosophical view of the cosmos." 

The writer goes on: "It is the universal experience of the human race that the unseen realm is ‘there’. It’s part of reality. Deciding how it interacts with the visible realm and what it has to do with me and my destiny is where science ends and religion begins."

Though science may be able to identify "some sort of measurable pop and fizzle in the brain" accompanying an experience in an animal or human, "it is not the same thing as the experience any more than my increased heart rate when my beloved enters the room is that thing we call love".

[1]  Mark J. Boone, "Augustine and William James on the Rationality of Faith," The Heythrop Journal, Volume 61, Issue 4 "Special Issue: Apologetics", July 2020, pages 648-659

Miracles can be filtered out of our sense of reality

No way through - unless we avoid whatever is blocking our perspective

C.S. Lewis opens his book Miracles with the following words: "In all my life I have met only one person who claims to have seen a ghost. And the interesting thing about the story is that that person disbelieved in the immortal soul before she saw the ghost and still disbelieves after seeing it. She says that what she saw must have been an illusion or a trick of the nerves" [1]. 

That reaction might have arisen from an application of Occam's razor (see my previous post) but it also points to the fact that each of us form filters over time affecting our appreciation of truth and reality. This is part of our rational life that complicates decision-making. In this example, if the woman who saw the ghost had been open to all possibilities, she would have first taken the view that the extraordinary sighting seemed to indicate that there is a spiritual dimension to life, rather that assuming her brain had had a malfunction though it had been working correctly by normal measures before and after her experience.

I want to briefly explore this matter, excerpting from a blog I came across while researching my recent field of interest, the topic of truth and reality and Christian belief. The blog states:

This story [that Lewis relates] clearly illustrates how an individual’s Plausibility Structure (PS)* can affect belief formation concerning that which we believe to be reasonable or unreasonable, potentially true or surely false. A PS can simply be understood as a mental apparatus that operates as a filter to filter out beliefs that should not be considered as plausible.

Every belief that we entertain will first pass through our PS informing us of its possibility or likelihood and does not allow us to hold to beliefs that are inconsistent with the experiences or evidence that we are privy to. So, in the case of the woman in Lewis’s story, since she disbelieved in the existence of immortal souls (or, in other words, her PS did not allow for the existence of immortal souls), even after a seeming encounter with a ghost, she must find an alternative explanation (an explanation that fits in her PS) for what she experienced (i.e. an illusion or a trick).

...if [a person's] PS only allows for a naturalistic, materialistic reality, the supernatural will never be entertained as plausible. Regardless of the arguments that may be given for the existence of God, the possibility of miracles, and the reliability of Scripture, since [that person's] PS is closed off to supernatural explanations, these arguments will fall on deaf ears. In other words, [the person's] naturalistic framework limits his range of plausible explanations.

The church has enough self-awareness to be wary of filter that religious fervour creates, and so it has a body of regulations ensuring a thorough investigation into "the historical and scientific truth of the alleged miracles. Just as it is necessary for the legal checks to be complete, convergent and reliable, it is also necessary that their study be performed with serenity, objectivity and sure competence by highly specialised medical experts." 

The hope is that those imbued with solely a sense of the material world can open their hearts and minds - we are a mind-body phenomenon - to the spiritual/supernatural realm.

See also:

*Plausibility Structure [here] is not to be strictly identified with Peter Berger’s Plausibility Structure derived from his sociological theory of religion.

[1] C. S. Lewis, Miracles: A Preliminary Study (New York: HarperOne, 2001), 1.

Evidence of God from miracles - Scientists please note!

Melissa Villalobos

When Christians meet the ideas of those who take an atheistic view of our nature and existence, they are often struck by the ignorance shown about religion. Those who decide to stand against the experience and depth of knowledge most humans in history and even now in believing in "another order, which goes beyond the proper domain of the natural sciences" (see #284 especially) seem to do so based on  a view of human life blinkered by scientific findings that they extrapolate from with a kind of glee - All the better for "hedonistic utilitarianism"? (Peter Singer's term).

I accept that outside mainstream Christian churches  there is little understanding: a) that the search for truth does not necessarily pit science against religion or vice-versa because "Truth cannot contradict Truth"; and b) that a wholly literal interpretation of Genesis is not accepted generally within the universal church. 

However, healing from a disease or disorder is an example of the types of miracles Christians encounter, of course bolstering our belief in God's providence and in His loving response to our prayers. Steven Pinker, however, would have none of it, in no instance, based on the thought that any miraculous outcome must arise from the "laws of probability [or] the workings of cognition". 

To the point: Last year, John Henry Newman was a declared a saint, someone who the church could accept had been received into heaven as a "true and faithful servant" of God. Christians have had, from the earliest days, the practice of praying to saints to ask they intercede on our behalf before God. (Some Protestants reject this belief). The reason why the church could accept the status of Newman, apart from the witness of a godly life, was that it had judged that two miracles had occurred at his intercession. In this case, a man with a disabling spinal problem (Jack Sullivan), and a woman who was at risk of losing a baby (Melissa Villalobos) had their plea to Newman for help answered by the power of God. 

I link here to a video and a recording involving Villalobos and Sullivan, both Americans, where they relate their dire predicament and the outcome, which their doctors could not explain on the basis of the medical situation of each.

The link is here: Enjoy, and pass on to others who are still intriqued by the wonderful things that occur in the world around us. These are kind of the events that those who try to use science as a rationale for their atheism should give attention to.

President Biden and the Common Good

President Biden used his inauguration address to stress that he understood the "fear and trepidation" that many Americans felt in looking to the future. The centrepiece of his message to the nation comprised these words:

But the answer is not to turn inward, to retreat into competing factions, distrusting those who don’t look like you do, or worship the way you do, or don’t get their news from the same sources you do.

We must end this uncivil war that pits red against blue, rural versus urban, conservative versus liberal.

We can do this if we open our souls instead of hardening our hearts.

If we show a little tolerance and humility.

If we’re willing to stand in the other person’s shoes just for a moment.

Because here is the thing about life: There is no accounting for what fate will deal you.

There are some days when we need a hand.

There are other days when we’re called on to lend one.

          That is how we must be with one another.

President Biden on Inauguration Day.

That ethos of sharing with those in need, of being a brother or sister to those in need, of regarding the community as one entity and not a collection of individuals, is the spirit of what has been termed "the common good".

The United States, and much of the Western world, which suffers severely from personal alienation in society, and dispossession arising from a reluctance to help social classes that are struggling to cope with the upheaval in jobs and trade, and the burdens of the virus pandemic, need to avoid sinking into the pit of "competing factions" by getting wise about the boon that application of  the common good offers policy and political behaviour.

The wisdom of the universal church, infused by the Holy Spirit and painfully gained from its own experience as a governing state from time to time, but especially as a father-mother-advocate living in community with those without influence and power, balances the importance of the individual person with the well-being of the community, so that there is mutually supportive relationship. 

I want to draw on the clear exposition of the main features of the common good presented in a key article in an American journal appearing to coincide with the Biden inauguration. The article states: 

The Catechism of the Catholic Church summarizes well the church's teaching on the purpose of the government: "It is the role of the state to defend and promote the common good of civil society." Period. The government is not intended to prioritize "individual liberties" over communal flourishing, as so many right-leaning Americans wish, nor is the state intended by the church's teaching to be a hegemonic force for sectarian norms and partisan preferences.

According to the documents of the Second Vatican Council, which contains the most authoritative modern teaching on the subject: "It follows also that political authority, both in the community as such and in the representative bodies of the state, must always be exercised within the limits of the moral order and directed toward the common good — with a dynamic concept of that good — according to the juridical order legitimately established or due to be established" (Gaudium et Spes 1965).

What does the common good look like?

Drawing on the papal teaching from the preceding half century, the council explained that the common good is "the sum of those conditions of social life which allow social groups and their individual members relatively thorough and ready access to their own fulfillment. Today [this] takes on an increasingly universal complexion and consequently involves rights and duties with respect to the whole human race. Every social group must take account of the needs and legitimate aspirations of other groups, and even of the general welfare of the entire human family" [Pacem in Terris 1963].

The catechism presents a digest of three key elements that combine to shape our understanding of the common good: respect for the human person, prioritization of collective social wellbeing and development, and the pursuit of peace.

The respect for the inherent dignity and value of the human person is not up for personal selection, choosing as one might which population, political party, class or race of people, gender or sexually oriented group one wishes to recognize. The church makes clear in Gaudium et Spes : "In our time a special obligation binds us to make ourselves the neighbor of every person without exception." 

The second element of the common good has to do with social well-being and development. The church teaches, in Gaudiem et Spes, that it is the government's responsibility in a healthy nation to make available to all people "everything necessary for leading a life truly human, such as food, clothing, and shelter; the right to choose a state of life freely and to found a family, the right to education, to employment, to a good reputation, to respect, to appropriate information, to activity in accord with the upright norm of one's own conscience, to protection of privacy and rightful freedom even in matters religious."

Despite conservative cries for "smaller government," which is a self-interested red herring disingenuously presented as "fiscal responsibility," the church makes clear that it is precisely the responsibility of governments to attend to these basic needs of its people. And if there is a population whose interests should supersede others, the church has made abundantly clear that it promotes the preferential option for the poor and marginalized, not the wealthy, comfortable or socially ascendant.

Pope Francis's 2020 encyclical letter, Fratelli Tutti (All Brothers), “further builds on the church's rich, if challenging, teaching on the role of government. Critiquing the rise of extremism, false populism and divisive rhetoric, Francis writes: "Political life no longer has to do with healthy debates about long-term plans to improve people's lives and to advance the common good, but only with slick marketing techniques primarily aimed at discrediting others. In this craven exchange of charges and counter-charges, debate degenerates into a permanent state of disagreement and confrontation."

Individualism, the ethos that has taken hold of society or is in the process of capturing the minds of the younger generation worldwide – also presents an obvious challenge to the wider community. The article quotes Pope Francis again from his encyclical on fraternity:

Individualism does not make us more free, more equal, more fraternal. The mere sum of individual interests is not capable of generating a better world for the whole human family. Nor can it save us from the many ills that are now increasingly globalized. Radical individualism is a virus that is extremely difficult to eliminate, for it is clever. It makes us believe that everything consists in giving free rein to our own ambitions, as if by pursuing ever-greater ambitions and creating safety nets we would somehow be serving the common good.

The common good, then, is achieved by addressing the needs of our neighbour. The outcome of peace in society is our reward, to use President Biden's words, if we "open our souls instead of hardening our hearts. If we show a little tolerance and humility. If we’re willing to stand in the other person’s shoes just for a moment." 

Further insights into the significance of the concept of the common good can be found on this blog here and here.

Let Christmas linger into the new year

 Christmas is an uplifting time of each year! Our focus is turned to a historical fact that has the meaning of love, faithfulness and self-sacrifice. There is a message in a person who has descended from a state of omniscience and omnipotence to become like all humans in an existence that is limited in most spheres of life.

Therefore, there is value in keeping before our eyes the important elements of the meaning of Christmas. This is what the early followers of Christ did, creating hymns and prayers, some of which have made their way down to us. I'm thinking of the hymns that Paul used in his letters, and there are the O Antiphons, advent prayers widely used in the church before the 8th Century. These prayers have given rise to chants and carols that have inspired the Christmas celebrations of people in subsequent centuries.

Below are slides that display how the heart of the early prayers have been incorporated into a Christmas carol that conveys delight at the gift that God has given us. At the end, are some links to videos I have been using to build my awareness of what Christmas means, and how that meaning has importance as I start this new year.

Christmas videos that have provided me with food for New Year prayer include these:

Traditional rendition of O Come O Come Emmanuel 

More forceful form of this prayer 

Then a beautiful insight into Mary's role as "God is born into the world of men" 

Finally, the lovely Wexford Carol -

"Good people all, this Christmas time,

  Consider well and bear in mind
  What our good God for us has done
  In sending His beloved Son"

Lyrics Source